Daytryp Health

Psilocybin and PTSD: ‘Magic Mushrooms’ as a Ground-Breaking Treatment

In one small study of veterans with PTSD, more than 80% of participants reported reduced symptoms after treatment with psilocybin. 

What a game-changing treatment! Not only did they report reduced symptoms, but they were all long-lasting. 67% of participants were still experiencing reduced symptoms after a year. 

Promising findings like these have led to a wave of excitement among wellness and healthcare lovers alike. For years, magic mushrooms have been associated with positive outcomes like enhanced creativity, self-discovery, and personal growth. 

Now, researchers are studying this natural compound for its potential to treat much more serious conditions. Yep, we’re talking about post-traumatic stress disorder. Here’s what to know about it all and how you can use it to treat PTSD.

What Is PTSD and How Does It Develop?

There are a lot of misconceptions about what PTSD is and how it develops. 

First, PTSD isn’t something that just affects soldiers. It can happen to anyone who has experienced a traumatic event. 

In fact, researchers estimate that 6% of the US population will have PTSD at some point in their lives. In Canada, that number is even higher. About 8% of adults in Canada currently meet the criteria for probable post-traumatic stress disorder.

So, what is PTSD, and how does it develop?

PTSD stands for post-traumatic stress disorder. It’s a mental health condition that can develop after someone has been through a traumatic event. 

This can include things like being in a car accident, surviving a natural disaster, or witnessing a violent crime. For some people, these events can trigger symptoms like flashbacks, nightmares, and severe anxiety. These symptoms can make it hard to go about your everyday life.

PTSD doesn’t just happen to people who have been through something horrific, though. 

It can also happen to people who have been through more “ordinary” traumas, like relationship breakups or the death of a loved one. The key is that the event was traumatic for you.

While not everyone who goes through a traumatic event will develop PTSD, it is quite common in today’s wild world.

PTSD Medication: The Current State of Affairs

Okay, so if PTSD affects so many people around the world then what are the current options when it comes to PTSD medication?

PTSD medications usually fall into three main categories: antidepressants, anti-anxiety medications, and antipsychotics. 

Antidepressants are the most common type of PTSD medication. They can be effective in managing symptoms of depression and anxiety. 

Anti-anxiety medications can also be helpful in reducing anxiety and promoting relaxation. Antipsychotics, however, are for more severe cases of PTSD. They’re able to help reduce intrusive thoughts and hallucinations. 

While no PTSD medication is perfect, there are several options available. All can provide relief from symptoms and help people to lead healthier lives.

However, none of them treat the root trauma that caused PTSD in the first place. Masking the problem doesn’t make it go away. And that’s where magic mushrooms come into play.

Psilocybin and PTSD: What to Know About Microdosing Magic Mushrooms for PTSD Treatment

Enter: the magic mushroom. Okay, sort of. When we talk about magic mushrooms we’re talking about psilocybin.

Microdosing magic mushrooms (again, AKA psilocybin) as a treatment for PTSD is becoming increasingly popular. 

What’s microdosing? It involves taking small doses of psychedelic drugs, such as LSD or psilocybin, to experience their benefits without the hallucinations or other intense effects.

As we’ve established, psychedelics have been shown to be effective in treating a variety of mental health conditions, including PTSD. A single microdose of psychedelics can help to reduce symptoms of PTSD, such as flashbacks, nightmares, and anxiety. 

Microdosing can also help to improve mood, sleep, and concentration. If you’re considering microdosing magic mushrooms as a treatment for PTSD, there are a few things you should know. 

First, make sure you’re working with a qualified specialist who has experience treating PTSD with psychedelics. Finding the right psychedelic therapy for you might require some research and a few consultations.

However, it pays to work with a specialist who can:

  • Provide you with a preliminary consultation with a psychiatrist
  • Screen your vitals before, during, and after the treatment
  • Listen to your intentions and concerns while also helping you establish some expectations
  • Help guide you through the experience

Really, it’s a lot like regular therapy, just with some magic mushrooms thrown into a controlled setting. Speaking of magic mushrooms and control, we suggest that you start with a low dose and increase gradually until you find the dose that works best for you. 

Finally, be sure to take breaks from microdosing every few weeks to avoid tolerance buildup. With the right approach, microdosing magic mushrooms can be an effective treatment for PTSD.

How Psilocybin Can Be Used to Treat PTSD

This groundbreaking treatment sounds great, but just what happens in the brain when you use psilocybin to treat PTSD?

When you use psilocybin to treat PTSD, what’s happening in the brain is that it is affecting the serotonin receptors. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that’s involved in regulating mood.

Scientists believe that psilocybin can help to reduce symptoms of PTSD by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin. This helps to increase levels of serotonin in the brain, which can have an antidepressant effect. 

In addition, psilocybin can also help to reduce anxiety and fear. It does this by reducing activity in the amygdala. The amygdala is the part of the brain that’s responsible for the processing of emotions like fear and anxiety.

And finally, psilocybin also increases activity in the hippocampus, the part of the brain that helps to regulate emotions. This suggests that psilocybin may help to improve emotional processing in patients with PTSD. 

The results of these types of studies are still somewhat preliminary, especially given the decades of research behind other PTSD medicine. However, they offer hope that psilocybin may one day be used to effectively treat PTSD.

The Potential Risks Associated with Psilocybin Treatment for PTSD

What happens when you combine psilocybin and PTSD? Are there risks?

While there is still a lot of research that needs to occur in psilocybin treatment for PTSD, there are few potential risks associated with this type of therapy. 

However, that doesn’t mean that there aren’t any. One of the main risks is that PTSD sufferers may have a bad reaction to the psilocybin, which could worsen their condition. 

It is also possible that PTSD sufferers may experience flashbacks or hallucinations after taking psilocybin. Obviously, this could be distressing. 

Outside of those risks, though, the main concern for most is that psilocybin could interact with other medications. This is true of any medication you take, though, from antidepressants to antibiotics.

While the potential risks are few and far between, there are still risks. This is the case for any psychological or physical treatment you undergo.

That’s why we suggest that you consult with a professional before considering psilocybin treatment for PTSD.

They’ll be able to guide you through what your options are and how you can best participate in magic mushroom therapy in a safe, controlled manner.

Benefits of Using ‘Magic Mushrooms’ to Treat PTSD

There are tons of research going on right now regarding clinically-used magic mushrooms. The benefits abound. However, you can look at studies from years ago to get a good idea of the benefits of using magic mushrooms to treat PSTD.

How do these benefits work, though? What’s happening in the brain?

The main ingredient in magic mushrooms, psilocybin, works by reducing blood flow to the hippocampus. This area of the brain is responsible for processing and storing memories. In PTSD sufferers, the hippocampus is often hyperactive, which can lead to unwanted and intrusive memories. 

However, by reducing blood flow to this area of the brain, psilocybin can help to quiet these memories and offer relief from PTSD symptoms. 

In addition, psilocybin can also help to increase feelings of openness and connectedness. This can be beneficial for PTSD sufferers who often feel isolated and alone. 

While more research is needed, the potential benefits of using magic mushrooms as a PTSD treatment are clear. From a medical standpoint, they’re also super promising. 

Combine that with the fact that you can microdose magic mushrooms as needed and you’ve got the perfect combination of safe, effective therapy with relatively zero side effects.

Psychedelic Therapy for PTSD

Research points to one conclusion. Psilocybin and PTSD are quite a pair. Taking psilocybin in a controlled setting at the proper doses can help alleviate symptoms associated with PTSD.

However, psilocybin therapy isn’t your only option. There are other forms of psychedelic therapy out there that can help you, too. Finding the right therapy for you doesn’t have to be difficult either.

At Daytryp, our focus here is to serve clients searching for more mindful, expansive lives. This includes living PTSD-free. 

Check out ketamine therapy, as it’s another great option for those interested in treating PTSD with safe, natural medicine.

Related Articles

Daytryp Health on AZ Family News

Psychedelics offer new hope for healing PTSD

There’s a new shift on the horizon in the fight to treat post-traumatic stress disorder using psychedelics. State and federal lawmakers are working to expand clinical trials to treat PTSD, depression, addiction, and anxiety.

*Daytryp is a Pro Microdosing Community*

We support the careful use of psychedelics to foster creativity, focus and compassion. We allow our employees to microdose in the workplace.

Yvé Dizes

Tryp Guide

Grounded in decades of extensive training with shamans, yogis, and spiritual teachers, Yvé
leverages her innate ability to channel the quantum field to provide profound insight and
transformation for her clientele. Her work is deeply influenced by her daily meditation practice, esoteric research, quantum mechanics, and J.R.R. Tolkien… only partially a joke!

Yvé’s advocacy for Divine Neutrality inspired her exploration into the transformative potential of Ketamine therapy. She delights in her role as a Tryp Guide, where she creates and holds sacred space, promoting transformation through this unique modality. Graced with an amazing partner and soul community, Yvé is humbled and honored to share her life’s purpose with you.

Will Burkhart

Tryp Guide

Will has spent his life seeking truth and exploring the limits of what is possible. This has led him to many extreme experiences—Marine Corps combat veteran, US Army Airborne and Ranger schools, wilderness adventure racing, high altitude mountaineering, ultra-endurance events, holistic healing modalities, psychedelics, and coaching. 

Will is a Co-Active Certified Professional Coach and a High Flow Performance Coach. He specializes in integrative psychedelic coaching and facilitating psychedelic experiences. He is relentless in his passion to explore life’s magnificence.  It’s an ongoing journey and one he would be honored to share with you as a Tryp Guide.

Steve Judson

Tryp Guide

While everyone has a different path to happiness, the majority of people encounter comparable experiences along the way. Examples include honesty, kindness, compassion, generosity, concern for oneself, others, and nature; respect for life; a desire to make a good difference; and many more.

Steve’s involvement, acceptance, and advocacy of the use of entheogenic substances as sacraments for direct spiritual experiences is what has inspired him to work hard to create peace and harmony in both his own life and the lives of those around him.

Steve has made a commitment to rejuvenating his own spiritual life using humanist resources and a humanist perspective. With an emphasis on the mysticism of the unitive experience and the practical use of entheogenic rituals for learning about and developing human consciousness to create a direct connection to the Divine within, Steve has been studying and using a variety of transformational tools. Each has acted as a catalyst in his own consciousness, resulting in profoundly life-altering experiences that have gradually revealed Steve’s true self and pointed him in the direction of his true purpose in life.

Steve’s desire to be of service to others by coaching, mentoring, and guiding them through a shamanic methodology and the practical use of entheogenic rituals is the driving force behind his life’s work, passions, and interests.

Steve loves sharing the knowledge he has gained using many entheogenic sacraments and transformational tools that can help spark a shift in consciousness and result in a profound realization of one’s true nature. Steve also firmly endorses both the idea of cognitive liberty (the right to direct one’s own consciousness) and the safe and appropriate use of entheogenic sacraments for a direct spiritual experience.

Steve has put a lot of effort into learning about and developing the best techniques as a practitioner and guide to provide the right guidance, proper preparation, safe navigation, and holistic integration into the sacred work he performs, and he remains dedicated to his work through practice, mentorship, and study.

 

There is a prayer in Sanskrit, one of the oldest recorded languages dating back 7000–8000 years, that says, “Lokah Samastah Sukhino Bhavantu.” This means: “May all beings everywhere be happy and free. May the thoughts, words, and actions of my own life contribute in some way to that happiness and that freedom for all.” This is a truth Steve lives by every day.

Megan Schneider

Tryp Guide

Megan is passionate about holding a sacred space for others to explore healing connections between the mind, body, breath, and spirit. As a plant energy practitioner, essential oils specialist, and yoga teacher, she wholeheartedly believes in an individualized approach to health and the power of curating personalized integrative self-healing practices of your own. Megan creates space for others to explore the therapeutic benefits of psychedelic medicines, both from a physiological and metaphysical standpoint, while inspiring others remembrance of their divine beauty, purpose, and gifts. Through the art of intention, peaceful presence, and loving awareness she hopes to welcome you more deeply into accessing your innate power to heal from within.

Joel Newton

Tryp Guide

From a young age, Joel sought happiness in competitive sports, business, and relationships. Each accomplishment came with a fleeting sense of fulfillment causing another repeat of the same cycle. That same mysterious desire for acceptance led Joel to seek information in new and unfamiliar territories. Joel has found comfort in his study of past and current visionaries, such as Carl Jung, Dr. Richard Schwartz, Deepak Chopra, and Gabor Matè. Learning that love of oneself is the true path to peace. Joel honors medicines and substance along with meditation and self-care for the aid of self-discovery. He has found that nothing is more enjoyable than supporting others in their constant journey of growth. Healing himself and others has become his greatest gift and passion.

Nick Ghiz

Tryp Guide

Nick’s upbringing instilled in him the significance of giving, helping, and inspiring others. He understands that these invaluable gifts have the power to shift paradigms within one’s life. For him, being involved in someone’s transformative journey is a privilege. Deep within each of us lies the ability to discover peace and lasting happiness. Sometimes we just need someone to guide us along the way. Nick carries this responsibility close to his heart, knowing firsthand the vulnerability we experience when seeking help. He hopes to be a bright light throughout this magnificent adventure you are about to embark upon.

Stephanie Bernau

RN

Tryp Guide

Stephanie is a registered nurse helping to guide individuals in their journey towards wellness. Raised in Pima, Arizona and graduating from her hometown college, she has over 9 years of experience in pediatric emergency and trauma medicine. With her passion for health and involvement in the fitness community, Stephanie became a fitness coach in 2017. Dedicated to her own personal project of “unbecoming” and healing, Stephanie went on to receive her Bachelor of Science in Nursing at Arizona State University in 2022, focusing on the evidence-based approach to integrating the mind, body, and spirit for optimal health and wellbeing. Stephanie is an advocate for integrative health and wellness, while honoring your journey by providing a compassionate and supportive space for healing. In her spare time you can find her exploring the sky with husband Jamie and their dog Coco.

Hanna Caldwell

RN

Tryp Guide

Hanna is from a small town here in Arizona. From the time she was a child, community has been a huge part of her life. She believe in total wellness and healing through mind, body and soul. This been a theme in her life, especially as an ER nurse and a nurse here at the clinic. Hanna loves helping others and blending western and holistic medicine to help others live to their greatest potential.

Ann Berardi

RN

Tryp Guide

Ann is a registered nurse with a passion for helping others find balance in wellness and health. After graduating with her BSN from Cleveland State University in 2013, she worked briefly as a progressive care cardiac nurse. During that time, she was trained in Usui Reiki and completed her master/teacher level training in 2014. She then devoted herself as a hospice nurse, supporting and coaching many individuals and their loved ones through the dying process. After several years, Ann transitioned her skills and desires to focus on helping individuals achieve optimal wellness with holistic therapies. She opened a small mobile IV infusion business in 2019, offering in-home infusion therapy focusing on prevention and health maintenance. She also became certified in medical aesthetics.
 
Her constant ambition as a nurse is in service and helping others activate their own healing for optimal wellness while living from their highest self. Her goal is to provide a calm and peaceful environment where individuals can relax into healing.
  
She grew up in Latrobe, Pennsylvania and has lived in sunny Arizona since 2015. She finds relaxation in the outdoors, hiking, kayaking, star-gazing and flying airplanes.

Alisia Malta

RN

Tryp Guide

Alisia graduated from Arizona State University with a Bachelor of Science in Nursing in 2011. She has worked in both outpatient and inpatient settings during her 12 years as a RN. Her fascination with the human brain led her to become a specialist in Deep Brain Stimulation therapy. Alisia is also an artist and has been selling her work professionally for the last 10 years. Through several difficult life events, she experienced firsthand the healing power of creative expression. Her passions reside in health, psychology, art, and human connection. She is ecstatic to be part of the Daytryp team, and grateful for the opportunity to assist with the intentional use of psychedelic medicines for healing.

Nellie Bowers, RN

RN

Tryp Guide

Nellietha (Nellie) has been in healthcare for 18 years. She graduated with a Bachelors in Science from Chamberlain College of Nursing in 2018. She grew up in a family that prioritized alternative medicine and witnessed firsthand the profound impact natural remedies have on physical and mental health. As someone who has personally experienced the transformative effects of psychedelics, she is passionate about helping others find relief and healing through these alternative therapies. In her free time, she enjoys her animals, gardening, and being out in nature.

Jeff Kaplan

Jeff was born and raised 25 miles north of Chicago, IL. He graduated from The University of Michigan in Ann Arbor in 1999 with a B.S. in Business Communications. Jeff has worked for several successful start-ups in the consumer and daily deal space, excelling in business development and customer service. He is a certified life-coach specializing in working with adolescents. As Daytryp’s Intake Coordinator, he takes great pride in being the first voice our clients hear when they call into the facility. He enjoys working on his spiritual self, doing voiceover work, spending time with his girlfriend in San Diego and taking his bulldog Walter on road trips across the country.

Dave Romanelli

Chief Vibe Officer

David Romanelli fuses ancient wellness practices with modern passions that give people accessible tools to overcome stress, focus their mind, and improve their relationships at work and home. David’s third book, Life Lessons from the Oldest and Wisest, is a reminder that countless professionals, parents, and partners have walked the earth before us. The book was inspired by his series of national events called DRINKS WITH YOUR ELDERS, that created a space for isolated elders to reengage with their community and share their life experiences with younger generations. His previous book, Happy is the New Healthy, was inspired by David’s friendship with a 111 year-old New Yorker. The book reached #1 on multiple Amazon and Apple Bestseller Lists.

Dave partnered up with Daytryp Health to create TRIPT, which is a psychedelic integration APP which is offered to all Daytryp clients.

Most recently, David was a featured voice on a new app from Calm, which brings peace of mind and healing techniques to the 1 of every 3 Americans touched by cancer. His daughter Cooper (aka SuperCooper) put leukemia in the rear view mirror and is David’s inspiration everyday to live with strength, passion, and joie de vivre. Throughout Cooper’s treatment, David found the power of psychedelic therapy as a profound way to heal the trauma and constant worry and reset to a positive path forward as parent, partner, and professional.. His 365 day platform, MEDITATE ON, compels his listeners to gain perspective on their journey and take time each day for reflection, quiet, and meditation. David has been featured in The New York Times, Food & Wine, Wall Street Journal, and Newsweek. You can learn more at www.DavidRomanelli.com

Furthermore, Dave is in charge of Daytryp Retreats, which brings people from all over the world to Phoenix, AZ for 3-4 day retreats to experience life-changing psychedelic journeys.

Dr. Joe Tafur

MD

Medical Advisor / Tryp Guide

Dr. Joe Tafur has dedicated his career to exploring complementary and alternative approaches to health management, particularly Amazonian plant medicines. He completed a Post-Doctoral Research Fellowship at UCSD Department of Psychiatry, and worked as a Family Physician in the US before exploring indigenous medicine in South America (SA). He helped found Nihue Rao Centro Espiritual, a traditional healing center in the Peruvian Upper Amazon, and underwent apprenticeship in Traditional Amazonian Plant Medicine and Shipibo curanderismo. In 2017, Dr. Joe founded Modern Spirit, a 501c3 nonprofit focused on demonstrating the value of spiritual healing in modern healthcare. In 2019, he and his colleagues opened the Ocotillo Center for Integrative Medicine. Dr. Tafur is also a leader in his spiritual community and leads plant medicine journeys across the continent. Joe is also a best selling author with his book, The Fellowship of the River.

Rebekah Bohucki

RN

Tryp Guide

Rebekah graduated from Arizona State University with a Bachelor of Arts in Chemistry, then went on to obtain a Bachelor of Science in Nursing from Grand Canyon University. After working as an RN in the hospital setting for 13 years, Rebekah stepped away to pursue a career more oriented towards holistic healing and treating the root cause of disease. Rebekah is passionate about the powerful healing abilities of psychedelics and plant medicine and believes that with the right tools and guidance, our mind and body have the innate wisdom and ability to heal from the inside out. Rebekah is also on her path to becoming a Priestess, which includes training in the sacred art of holding energetic space. On her free time, she loves being a mom to her two beautiful children, traveling the world, hiking, yoga, and reading.

Kathryn Kiser

Tryp Guide
Kathryn, also known as Kat, has a deep love for nature and animals and a passion for the great outdoors. She cherishes her children and her dog, and enjoys being silly and surrounded by loved ones. She loves laughing and feeling free. Kathryn prioritizes taking care of both her heart and loves the activities that she chooses daily. Her personal journey towards self-love has been a long and challenging one, with many ups and downs. She spent a lot of her life living in fear and suffering with a closed heart. Choosing to heal through her traumas and open her heart have been the best adventures yet. Kat chooses to be a student of life and will continue on this path. As a participant in your healing journey, she holds space for you to feel into your own love and to witness your growth and healing. From her heart to yours, she looks forward to supporting you on your journey.

Lauren Krison

Lead Tryp Guide & Operations Manager

Lauren is a Phoenix native. She graduated from Arizona State University Cum Laude with a Bachelor of Arts in 2007. After spending over a decade in corporate and start-up marketing, the burnout became unbearable, and she knew it was time to pivot to her true passion – wellness. From diet and lifestyle changes to subconscious reprogramming and psychedelic medicine, Lauren’s own wellness journey led her to discover healing modalities that transformed her life in every way imaginable. Her passion led her to the Institute for Integrative Nutrition where she graduated in 2021 as a Certified Integrative Nutrition Health Coach. As a Tryp Guide, Lauren is honored to hold space for others as they embark on a healing journey of their own.

Ajona Olsen

MSN, APRN, ANP-C, Medical Director

Tryp Guide

Ajona Olsen started her career in healthcare in 2001 as an RN in a hospital. She graduated from Arizona State University as a nurse practitioner in 2006, and worked in corporate medicine for fifteen years. In 2021, she began researching psychedelics as a powerful tool in healing and trained in Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy. Ajona opened her own practice at the beginning of 2022 to serve those on a journey toward healing and, in turn, has found happiness in the healing for herself and her loved ones. Ajona met Chris Cohn, founder of Daytryp Health, in June of 2022. She is very excited to act as Medical Director and partner with the incredible team at Daytryp. Outside of work, Ajona is an avid yoga enthusiast and enjoys spending time with her family.

Quinn Snyder

MD, FACEP

Chief Medical Officer

Quinn graduated from the University of Arizona College of Medicine in 2007. In 2010, after studying under Andrew Weil and traveling to India to study plant-based medicines, he completed his residency in Emergency Medicine at Drexel University. Quinn has continuously practiced EM at some of the top Departments in and around Phoenix. He possesses leadership experience in Data Analytics, Quality, Operations, and Business Development. During the pandemic, he was the manager of the largest Emergency Department in Arizona, and his experience was the subject of interviews on CNN, PBS Newshour, BBC World News, NPR, The Washington Post, and The Guardian. He has used Ketamine in his clinical practice and is committed to the emerging field of psychedelic medicines for healing.

Chris Cohn

MAC


Founder & CEO

Chris was born and raised in Phoenix, AZ. He attended Brophy College Preparatory, then graduated from the University of Arizona. Chris later attained his Masters Degree, Magna Cum Laude, in Addiction Counseling from Grand Canyon University. In 2008, Chris founded Scottsdale Recovery Center and Arizona Addiction Recovery Center, two of the most well-known drug and alcohol rehabs in the state. In 2019, after exiting the rehab space, Chris took a deep dive into the incredible world of psychedelic and plant medicines for his own healing journey. Daytryp Health was birthed from Chris’s ongoing desire and passion to help people heal, recover, and thrive with the intentional and careful use of psychedelic medicines.

Rudy Montijo

MS, LASAC, Consultant/Integration Therapist
Tryp Guide

Rudy Montijo lends his expertise in operations and business development consulting for Daytryp. He received his undergraduate from the University of Arizona, a master’s degree in Addiction Counseling from Grand Canyon University, and Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy training from Polaris Insight. Rudy worked under Daytryp’s founder and CEO, Chris Cohn, while operating and expanding Scottsdale Recovery Center from 2013-2014. He currently has an award-winning career in medical sales. He is a former D1 athlete, having played football at the University of Arizona. Rudy is a clinical therapist who is trained in ketamine-assisted psychotherapy, actively races on the Ironman triathlon circuit, and is a certified yoga instructor. After helping others, Rudy’s greatest love is his two children, River and Savanna.

Esther Mathers

VP Operations

 

Esther is a seasoned designer with over 25 years of experience in the creation, management and development of calming spaces. A passionate and driving force behind any project, she thrives when curating environments that foster relaxation and well-being for both the mind and body. In addition, Esther has a talent for providing holistic solutions with innovative ideas to persistent challenges. She was honored to be commissioned by the Founder and CEO of Daytryp Health, Chris Cohn, to design the interior of their flagship location. The opportunity has been life-changing, transformative, and inspiring on many different levels. Esther currently lives in Mesa, AZ with her two children and enjoys outdoor activities, particularly those involving water.